Taxon:  Brassica rapa L.



Summary
Genus:
Brassica
Family:
Brassicaceae (alt. Cruciferae)
Tribe:
Brassiceae
Nomen number:
7685
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 2:666.  1753
Comment:
includes miscellaneous groups not included elsewhere (in subspecies)
Verified:
06/02/2010 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
21 (21  active, 21  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Brassica rapa L. f. rapa (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt (69 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt var. parachinensis (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt (6 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt var. purpuraria (L. H. Bailey) Kitam. (1 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. dichotoma (Roxb.) Hanelt (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. japonica Shebalina (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. narinosa (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt (1 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt (2 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt var. perviridis L. H. Bailey (1 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. (7 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. f. annua (Metzg.) Thell. (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. f. biennis (Metzg.) Thell. (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. var. ruvo (L. H. Bailey) Gladis & K. Hammer (81 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt (61 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. subsp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt (0 active accession[s])
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (460 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
No images


Reference(s)
  1. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
  2. PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
  3. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
  4. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
  5. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
  6. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  7. Anderson, J. K. & S. I. Warwick. 1999. Chromosome number evolution in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae): evidence from isozyme number. Pl. Syst. Evol. 215:255-285.
  8. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  9. Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
  10. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
  11. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
  12. Chen, B.-Y. & W. K. Heneen. 1989. Resynthesized Brassica napus L.: A review of its potential in breeding and genetic analysis. Hereditas (Beijing) 111:255-263.
  13. Chen, H.-F. et al. 2007. Production and genetic analysis of partial hybrids in intertribal crosses between Brassica species (B. rapa, B. napus) and Capsella bursa-pastoris. Pl. Cell Rep. 26:1791-1800.
  14. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
  15. Chrungu, B. et al. 1999. Production and characterization of interspecific hybrids between Brassica maurorum and crop brassicas. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:608-613.
  16. CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
  17. Committee on Stabilization. 1975. Report of the standing committee on stabilization of specific names. Taxon 24:172.
  18. Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1984. Poisonous plants in Britain and their effects on animals and man Note: poisonous
  19. Cufodontis, G. 1953-1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
  20. Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 117.
  21. Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
  22. Denford, K. E. 1976. Isoenzyme studies in members of the genus Brassica. Bot. Not. 128:455-462.
  23. Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1254.
  24. Erickson, L. R. et al. 1983. Restriction patterns reveal origins of chloroplast genomes in Brassica amphiploids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 65:201-206.
  25. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
  26. Fennane, M. et al., eds. 1999-. Flore pratique du Maroc.
  27. FitzJohn, R. G. et al. 2007. Hybridisation within Brassica and allied genera: evaluation of potential for transgene escape. Euphytica 158:209-230. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  28. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
  29. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
  30. Garg, H. et al. 2007. Hybridizing Brassica rapa with wild crucifers Diplotaxis erucoides and Brassica maurorum. Euphytica 156:417-424. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  31. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
  32. Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist. Note: citing Brassica rapa subsp. campestris
  33. Guo, Y. et al. 2014. Center of origin and centers of diversity in an ancient crop, Brassica rapa (turnip rape). J. Heredity 105:555-565.
  34. Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
  35. Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
  36. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  37. Hegi, G. et al. 1986. Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa 4(1):454. Note: ed. 1:1906-1931; ed. 2:1936-68; ed. 3:1966-
  38. Iniguez-Luy, F. L. et al. 2009. Development of public immortal mapping populations, molecular markers and linkage maps for rapid cycling Brassica rapa and B. oleracea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 120:31-43.
  39. Inomata, N. 1993. Crossability and cytology of hybrid progenies in the cross between Brassica campestris and three wild relatives of B. oleracea, B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana. Euphytica 69:7-17. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  40. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
  41. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
  42. Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972-. Atlas florae europaeae.
  43. Jiang, Y. et al. 2007. Genetic diversity of Brassica carinata with emphasis on the interspecific crossability with B. rapa. Pl. Breed. (New York) 126:487-491.
  44. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  45. Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa Note: poisonous
  46. Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
  47. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  48. Kunakh, V. A. et al. 2008. Mixoploidy in wild and cultivated species of Cruciferae capable of hybridizing with rapeseed Brassica napus. Cytol. & Genet. 42:204-209. Note: Translation of: Tsitologiya i genetika. Kiev
  49. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  50. Lefol, E. et al. 1997. Sexual hybridisation in crosses of cultivated Brassica species with the crucifers Erucastrum gallicum and Raphanus raphanistrum: potential for gene introgression. Euphytica 95:127-139. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  51. Li, M. et al. 2006. Intersubgenomic heterosis in rapeseed production with a partial new-typed Brassica napus containing subgenome Ar from B. rapa and Cc from Brassica carinata. Crop Sci. (Madison) 46:234-242.
  52. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
  53. Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2.
  54. Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
  55. Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
  56. Nagpal, R. et al. 2008. Molecular systematics of Brassica and allied genera in subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae, Moricandiinae, and Cakilinae (Brassicaceae, tribe Brassiceae); the organization and evolution of ribosomal gene families. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 157:545-557.
  57. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  58. Olsson, G. 1954. Crosses within the campestris group of the genus Brassica. Hereditas (Beijing) 40:414. Note: = Brassica campestris subsp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.
  59. Personal Care Products Council. INCI
  60. Plieske, J. & D. Struss. 2001. STS markers linked to Phoma resistance genes of the Brassica B-genome revealed sequence homology between Brassica nigra and Brassica napus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:483-488.
  61. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  62. Pradhan, A. K. et al. 1992. Phylogeny of Brassica and allied genera based on variation in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA patterns: molecular and taxonomic classifications are incongruous. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:331-340.
  63. Rana, D. et al. 2004. Conservation of the microstructure of genome segments in Brassica napus and its diploid relatives. Plant J. 40:725-733.
  64. Rao, G. U. et al. 1996. Production of hybrids, amphiploids and backcross progenies between cold-tolerant wild species, Erucastrum abyssinicum and crop brassicas. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92:786-790.
  65. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  66. Rygulla, W. et al. 2007. Broadening the genetic basis of Verticillium longisporum resistance in Brassica napus by interspecific hybridization. Phytopathology 97:1391-1396.
  67. Scheffler, J. A. & P. J. Dale. 1994. Opportunities for gene transfer from transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to related species. Transgenic Res. 3:263-278.
  68. Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
  69. Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:121.
  70. Snowdon, R. et al. 2007. Chapter 7. Brassica oilseeds. In: Singh, R. J. et al., eds., Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement 196-230. Note: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton - London - New York
  71. Song, K. et al. 1988. Brassica taxonomy based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). 1. Genome evolution of diploid and amphidiploid species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75:784-794.
  72. Song, K. et al. 1988. Brassica taxonomy based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). 2. Preliminary analysis of subspecies within B. rapa (syn. campestris) and B. oleracea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 76:593-600.
  73. Song, K. et al. 1990. Brassica taxonomy based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). 3. Genome relationships in Brassica and related genera and the origin of B. oleracea and B. rapa (syn. campestris). Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:497-506.
  74. Song, K. et al. 1995. Rapid genome change in synthetic polyploids of Brassica and its implications for polyploid evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:7719-7723.
  75. Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
  76. Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley.
  77. Takuno, S. et al. 2010. Assessment of genetic diversity of accessions in Brassicaceae genetic resources by frequency distribution analysis of S haplotypes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 120:1129-1138.
  78. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  79. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  80. Velasco, L. et al. 1998. Variability for the fatty acid composition of the seed oil in a germplasm collection of the genus Brassica. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 45:371-382.
  81. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
  82. Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
  83. Warwick, S. I. & C. A. Sauder. 2005. Phylogeny of tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast restriction site polymorphisms and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Canad. J. Bot. 83:467-483.
  84. Warwick, S. I. & L. D. Black. 1991. Molecular systematics of Brassica and allied genera (Subtribe Brassicinae, Brassiceae) - chloroplast genome and cytodeme congruence. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82:81-92.
  85. Warwick, S. I. et al. 2006. Brassicaceae: Species checklist and database on CD-Rom. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259:249-258. Note: lists in database
  86. Warwick, S. I. et al. 2008. AFLP-based molecular characterization of Brassica rapa and diversity in Canadian spring turnip rape cultivars. Pl. Genet. Resources Charact. Util. 6:11-21.
  87. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
  88. Yang, Y.-W. et al. 2002. A study of the phylogeny of Brassica rapa, B. nigra, Raphanus sativus, and their related genera using noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 23:268-275.
  89. Yao, X.-C. et al. 2010. Intra- and intergenomic relationships in interspecific hybrids between Brassica (B. rapa, B. napus) and a wild species B. maurorum as revealed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Euphytica 173:113-120. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  90. Zhao, J. et al. 2005. Genetic relationships within Brassica rapa as inferred from AFLP fingerprints. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:1301-1314.
  91. 2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)
Common names
LANGUAGENAMEALTERNATE NAMENOTESEQCITATION
English colbaga 1 Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
English turnip 1 Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
English tyfon 1 Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Chinese man jing 蔓菁 2 Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
English (Canada) bird rape Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name 2 Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 117.
French navet 2 Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French navette 2 Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French (Canada) moutarde des oiseaux Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel 2 Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 117.
Swedish rova 2 Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese man jing 2 Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
2Cultivated    widely cult.
3AdventiveAfricaEast Tropical AfricaKenya  
3AdventiveAfricaEast Tropical AfricaTanzania  
3AdventiveAfricaEast Tropical AfricaUganda  
3AdventiveAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEritrea  
3AdventiveAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  
3AdventiveAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMozambique  
3AdventiveAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZimbabwe  
3AdventiveAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  
3AdventiveAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentPakistan  
3AdventiveSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazil  
3AdventiveSouthern AmericaCaribbeanBarbados  
3AdventiveSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGuadeloupe  
3AdventiveSouthern AmericaCaribbeanMartinique  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth Africa  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusGeorgia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian FederationDagestan 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian Federation-CiscaucasiaCiscaucasia 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKazakhstan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKyrgyzstan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTajikistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMongoliaMongolia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateRussian Far EastRussian Federation-Far EastFar East 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian Federation-Eastern SiberiaEastern Siberia 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian Federation-Western SiberiaWestern Siberia 
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeBelarus  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeEstonia  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeLatvia  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeLithuania  
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeRussian Federation-European partEuropean part 
4NaturalizedEuropeEastern EuropeUkraine incl. Krym
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeBelgium  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeCzech Republic  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeGermany  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeHungary  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeNetherlands  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropePoland  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeSlovakia  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeDenmark  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeFinland  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeIreland  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeNorway  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeSweden  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeUnited Kingdom  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, Sicily
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeMontenegro  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeRomania  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSlovenia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance s.
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. Baleares
4NaturalizedNorthern America Canada  
4NaturalizedNorthern America Mexico  
4NaturalizedNorthern America United States  
4NaturalizedPacificNorth-Central PacificUnited StatesHawaii 
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificNew Caledonia  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanHispaniola  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaNicaragua  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguayAlto Paraguay 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBolivia  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  
6Other    widespread weed, probable origin Eurasia
Cultivated (widely cult.)
Adventive
Africa
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia
  • EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
  • SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Pakistan
Southern America
  • CARIBBEAN: Barbados, Guadeloupe, Martinique
  • BRAZIL: Brazil
Naturalized
Africa
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa
Asia-Temperate
  • CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
  • SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • MONGOLIA: Mongolia
  • RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation-Far East [Far East]
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Europe
  • NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
  • EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (s.)
Northern America
  • REGION: Canada, Mexico, United States
Pacific
  • NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
  • SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: New Caledonia
Southern America
  • CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola
  • CENTRAL AMERICA: Nicaragua
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay [Alto Paraguay], Uruguay
Other (widespread weed, probable origin Eurasia)
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Human foodvegetablefor miscellaneous groups not included elsewhereMarkle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Vertebrate poisonsmammals Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisonsmammals Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1984. Poisonous plants in Britain and their effects on animals and man Note: poisonous
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2024. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://grin-global.warwick.ac.uk/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=7685. Accessed 20 May 2024.