Taxon: Cichorium intybus L.

Summary

Genus:

Cichorium

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Cichorioideae

Tribe:

Cichorieae

Subtribe:

Cichoriinae

Nomen number:

10543

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:813. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

06/21/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

31 (31 active, 27 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)
Cichorium intybus L. subsp. intybus
Cichorium intybus L. var. intybus

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi
Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch.

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Blervacq, A. S. et al. 1995. First divisions of somatic embryogenic cells in Cichorium hybrid "474". Protoplasma 186:163-168.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 122.1.
Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 274.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Demasi, S. et al. 2021. Sensory profile, shelf life, and dynamics of bioactive compounds during cold storage of 17 edible flowers. Horticulturae. OAJ 7:166. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070166.
Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
Desprez, B. F. et al. 1994. Genetique et amelioration de la chicoree industrielle (Genetics and breeding of industrial chicory). Compt. Rend. Acad. Agric. France 80(7):47-62.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14
Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Hu, S.-Y. 1970. Compositae of China. 48.
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
John, P. 1996. Control of fructan metabolism in the Compositae. In: Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds., Compositae: biology and utilization. 2:111-119.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kiers, A. M. et al. 2000. A search for diagnostic AFLP markers in Cichorium species with emphasis on endive and chicory cultivar groups. Genome 43:470-476.
Kiers, A. M. 2000. Endive, chicory, and their wild relatives. A systematic and phylogenetic study of Cichorium (Asteraceae). Gorteria supp. 5:61-65.
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2 161-162.
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. Note: = Cichorium intybus var. foliosum
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Personal Care Products Council. INCI
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)

Common names

LANGUAGE	NAME	NOTE	SEQ	CITATION
English	Belgium endive		1	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
English	chicory		1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	coffee chicory	as C. intybus var. sativum	1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
English	French endive	as C. intybus var. foliosum	1	Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. Note: = Cichorium intybus var. foliosum
English	succory		1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English	witloof		1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English (Canada)	chicory	Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 274.
French	chicon		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
French	chicorée		2	Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. Note: = Cichorium intybus var. foliosum
French	chicorée à café		2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French	chicorée de Bruxelles		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French	chicorée sauvage		2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French	endive		2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French	endive witloof		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French	witloof		2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French (Canada)	chicorée sauvage	Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 274.
German	Chicorée		2	Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
German	Fleischkraut		2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1303.
German	Kaffeezichorie		2	Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
German	Salatzichorie		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German	Wegwarte		2	Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. Note: = Cichorium intybus var. foliosum
German	Wurzelzichorie		2	Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
Italian	cicoria		2	International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
Italian	radicchio		2	Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. Note: = Cichorium intybus var. foliosum
Spanish	achicoria de Bruselas		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	achicoria de café		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	achicoria de raíz		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swedish	cikoria		2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese	ju ju		2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Turkmenistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia	Eastern Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Western Siberia	Western Siberia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Himachal Pradesh
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Jammu and Kashmir
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Madhya Pradesh
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Punjab
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Estonia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bosnia and Herzegovina
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sicily
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	North Macedonia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain		incl. Baleares
2	Cultivated					lesser cult. elsewhere
2	Cultivated	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar
2	Cultivated	Australasia	Australia	Australia
2	Cultivated	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand
2	Cultivated	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
2	Cultivated	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark
2	Cultivated	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France
2	Cultivated	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain
2	Cultivated	Northern America		Canada
2	Cultivated	Northern America		United States
3	Adventive	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Lesotho
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Oman
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova
4	Naturalized	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland
4	Naturalized	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Eastern Canada	St. Pierre and Miquelon
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont
4	Naturalized	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela	Tachira
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay
6	Other					exact native range obscure

Native
Africa

NORTHERN AFRICA: Tunisia

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India [Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh], Pakistan

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, United Kingdom, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica)

Cultivated

REGION:

Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Sudan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India
INDO-CHINA: Myanmar

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, United Kingdom
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part]
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Italy, Romania
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France

Northern America

REGION: Canada, United States

Adventive
Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Finland

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Portugal [Azores]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Morocco
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Democratic Republic of the Congo
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Lesotho, South Africa

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Ireland, Norway
EASTERN EUROPE: Moldova
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Portugal

Northern America

EASTERN CANADA: Canada [New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec], St. Pierre and Miquelon
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arkansas, North Carolina]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California, Nevada, Utah]

Southern America

NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela [Tachira]
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

Other (exact native range obscure)

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Food additives	dietary fiber	source of fructan	John, P. 1996. Control of fructan metabolism in the Compositae. In: Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds., Compositae: biology and utilization. 2:111-119.
Food additives	flavoring		Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2 161-162.
Food additives	flavoring/decoration		Demasi, S. et al. 2021. Sensory profile, shelf life, and dynamics of bioactive compounds during cold storage of 17 edible flowers. Horticulturae. OAJ 7:166. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070166.
Human food	beverage base		Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2 161-162.
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Weed	potential seed contaminant		CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 122.1.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://grin-global.warwick.ac.uk/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=10543. Accessed 12 February 2026.